What do the Montreal Olympic Stadium, the Sydney Opera House, and the Scottish Parliament Building all have in common?
They were all monumental budget-busters. The Montreal Olympic Stadium, completed in time for the 1976 Summer Olympics, was nicknamed “The Big O” due to its doughnut shape, and “The Big Owe”—because it smashed its budget by 1990%.
Here in Barcelona we have our own budget-guzzler in the shape of Antoni Gaudí’s Sagrada Familia. Work on the behemoth basilica started in 1882, and isn’t expected to be completed until 2026—one hundred years after Gaudí’s death. It’s annual budget is said to be around 25 million euros.
Thankfully, we’re in the business of building apps, not stadiums or basilicas. But the need for a quality budget estimate in both cases is the same.
How much does developing a mobile app actually cost? In this article, we’ll walk you through the mobile app development process—and show you how to estimate the cash you’ll need.
Nasty Surprises
Joan Martin has plenty of experience developing apps. He’s been at Mobile Jazz for four years, and currently heads up our mobile team. When he’s not enjoying some down time in the mountains, he’s managing the Mobile Team projects and dipping in and out of iOS engineering.
Joan our Mobile Team lead in Martinique.
If you’re looking to create an app in the near future, it may be tempting just to launch straight into it. Clock’s ticking, right? Joan advises against that:
“You need to be really clear on how much developing your mobile app will cost. It will help you adjust your expectations and prepare accordingly—avoiding nasty surprises later down the line.”
So it’s just a question of running the numbers? We like the enthusiasm. But first, you’re going to need to channel your inner politician and define your product manifesto.
The Product Manifesto
Imagine you’re at a networking event (a dream for some, a nightmare for others— but bear with us here). Someone asks you: “So what does your app do exactly?” Could you give them a clear answer? What if your grandparents asked the same question?
This is where it all begins—your product manifesto. And your entire team needs to be able to explain it to their grandparents. It will help you to define the development path and orientate all decisions around the key features.
It needs to be a simple and precise statement. It should convey—to anyone asking—what your product is, who it’s for, and the problem it solves.
Trivia time. Here are some famous product manifestos, but do you know the name of the product?
“A platform where people can rent apartments from other people when traveling.”
“Connect the world’s professionals to make them more productive and successful.”
“All the music you’ll ever need. Millions of songs available instantly.”
How did you do? Those were manifestos for Airbnb, LinkedIn, and Spotify respectively.
Note the beauty of simplicity with all three of them. Focus is retained on the single major problem that the product solves, without getting lost in unimportant details.
Once you have a product manifesto, your team should revolve around it like a tennis ball around a swingball set. You’ll come back to it time and time again; from running the first product workshop, right through to the full launch. Don’t take this step lightly— the world’s most successful companies didn’t.
Assemble Your Team
Speaking of teams—do you have one?
MJ team members trekking in the Italian Alps.
Here are the key players:
The Product people. This team should be highly involved in pinning down the manifesto. They constantly answer the question “what does our app do?” and make focused decisions around the key features.
The Design people. Don’t skimp on excellent mobile designers—those that value user experience above everything else are the difference between an average app and a great one.
The Development people. Find skilled engineers with experience. This team is laying down the foundation of your app—don’t build that foundation on quicksand.
The Testing people
Hold on—the Testing people? Can’t we use our devs for that?
Would you ask the head chef to review her own restaurant? Even the best developers in the world have a biased understanding of the app. They’ve spent months implementing features by opening the app and testing their code in a certain way. As a result, they have blind spots. Here’s Joan again:
“A regular tester will approach the app as your users would, revealing corner cases and bugs that would have otherwise gone undiscovered. They’ll explore flows that both product owners and developers wouldn’t have planned for.”
So if the product owner and developers can’t test your app, who can? Well, just about anyone—friends, relatives, or a specialized testing company. You’ll get the best insights when someone beyond the bubble of your team explores the app for the first time.
Planning
While the Sagrada Familia may look like a free-for-all design frenzy, each facade has been carefully planned out—with engineers and constructors following the blueprint to every last millimeter.
We can’t imagine the planning involved in the Sagrada Familia.
Channel your inner Gaudí and meticulously plan the following:
The product definition. This is your vision for your product. It should include the product concept, design requirements, features, target market, pricing points, and positioning strategy.
A list of use cases. How might different segments of your audience use your app in different ways? These are sometimes referred to as user stories. When approaching this task, aim for the most basic specification of the app—just describe what the user can do with it. Brainstorm alternative uses to gather more use cases.
Wireframes. UX designers convert previously defined specs into visual representations of user flows. Wireframes are the step between the specification document and the final designs. They “reveal” the app to your team—like the very first first ultrasound to show how a baby’s developing.
Desired platforms. Do you want to run on Android? iOS? Both? Make sure you can justify running on your platforms from a business standpoint.
Backend documentation. Guidance around the data access layer of your app and infrastructure.
And make sure you answer these additional questions:
Will your app have social integrations? Which ones?
Will your app come with push notifications? Under what circumstances?
Which languages will your app support? Why?
Which OS versions will your app support? Why?
Will you optimize for tablet or smartphone? Why? Which one will you start with?
Will your app be supported offline? Why / why not?
Think carefully about the answer to that last question. There’s no magic switch for “offline support”—building this functionality is a complex task. Your app needs to be able to fetch data from the internet, store it locally on the user’s device, and reuse it later when there’s no internet. There’s plenty of planning involved—planning that will take up more of your precious time.
Planning out your app’s screens with wireframes is an important step.
Estimating
Time is money, we all know that. So before we get down to dollars and cents, we need to count the hours and days.
First, we need to define how. Our main measurement unit will be days of work, with 1 day equal to 8 hours. At Mobile Jazz, we use a minimum value of 0.25 days—the equivalent of 2 hours. That’s because, based on our experience, anything smaller than that is unrealistic.
We’ll estimate by wireframe, because it’s the most authentic representation of a screen’s appearance within your app. It also reflects the complexity of user interactions and data management. Each wireframe must contain an estimation for these two things:
UI Layout: Tasks related to the creation of user interface (UI) elements and their layout. This isn’t related to actions associated with UI interaction, but the complexity of implementing the different UI elements.
Business logic: Tasks related to the application flow management and intelligence. For example, a button that—when pressed—-sends a request to the server, which then processes the received data, stores it in a database, compares it with other data, and finally outputs a result to the user. It also relates to the complexity of implementing screen navigation.
Discounting hangover days that follow raucous company parties, in general nothing takes less than 0.5 days for UI layout, and 0.5 days for business logic—1 day per screen.
Throw the following components into the equation:
An additional 2 days for project setup
An additional 15% for testing
An additional 20% for bug fixing
And an additional day for the release
An additional 20% for project management
Still with us? Good. Now, developing for Android takes, on average, up to 1.5x more time than the iOS estimation. We asked Joan to explain:
“This figure comes from our experience. The Android API for creating the UI is more complex than the iOS API. It also has way more devices, each one with its own setup to control. In iOS, Apple automates this process—it’s much simpler.”
Example Estimation
Let’s imagine your team have got a killer new app for aggregating fake news from around the web. Here’s an example of what your app might consist of:
Login and registration.
Feed and (fake) news posts.
Your profile.
One push notification for new posts that appear in the feed.
Offline support.
Now here’s what your estimation might look like:
Bear in mind what hasn’t been included in this estimation:
Backend development, evaluation, and testing.
Cutting of designs and assets.
The testing phase.
New features.
Maintenance and upgrades.
Cash Splash
It’s time. Armed with a smug grin, planning docs, an estimate, and a briefcase full of unmarked bills, you stride into the closest coworking space to hunt freelance engineers.
But what’s the right question to ask to find the best person for the job and fulfill your business needs? How about rate per hour?
That’s the wrong question to ask. Your estimation is already done—you know how much the whole process should take. So you could either hire someone who’s going to take longer and ruin the estimation, or someone who will work faster and hit the specified time frames.
The best question is: “What’s your experience?”
A skilled engineer will complete the project faster at a higher rate per hour. An amateur engineer will complete the project slower at a lower rate per hour.
We’ve done the math:
Some people will be tempted to slice some cash off that figure. So they go for a bad engineer, who claims they’ll do it faster at a lower rate. €60 per hour x 25 days = €12,000. Nice savings—but you get what you pay for. Here’s some of the things we’ve seen having worked with cheap agencies and junior developers:
Poor (or non-existent) offline support
Bad adaptation to different screen sizes
Terrible support for old and new OS versions
Weak software architecture—making your app unscalable
A crap professional relationship
5 Steps to App Success
Getting the idea for an app is exciting. Launching it and watching it become a success is even more so. If you want to get there, give it the best chance possible by laying sound foundations first:
Define your app manifesto: What does it do?
Get a mobile UX/UI expert.
Find an experienced engineering team you feel good about.
Develop your app, implementing only the key features (everything else can wait).
If it’s too expensive, simplify your app by removing features and shaving hours off the estimate.
Follow these steps, and you and your team could build a masterpiece that doesn’t bust the budget.
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The boys' struggle to find a way of existing in a community with no fixed boundaries invites readers to evaluate the concepts involved in social and political constructs and moral frameworks. Ideas of community, leadership, and the rule of law are called into question as the reader has to consider who has a right to power, why, and what the consequences of the acquisition of power may be. Often compared to Catcher in the Rye, Lord of the Flies also represents a coming-of-age story of innocence lost. 3. To Kill a Mockingbird The unforgettable novel of a childhood in a sleepy Southern town and the crisis of conscience that rocked it, To Kill A Mockingbird became both an instant bestseller and a critical success when it was first published in 1960. It went on to win the Pulitzer Prize in 1961 and was later made into an Academy Award-winning film, also a classic. Compassionate, dramatic, and deeply moving, To Kill A Mockingbird takes readers to the roots of human behavior - to innocence and experience, kindness and cruelty, love and hatred, humor and pathos. Now with over 18 million copies in print and translated into forty languages, this regional story by a young Alabama woman claims universal appeal. Harper Lee always considered her book to be a simple love story. Today it is regarded as a masterpiece of American literature. 4. 1984 The year 1984 has come and gone, but George Orwell's prophetic, nightmarish vision in 1949 of the world we were becoming is timelier than ever. 1984 is still the great modern classic of "negative utopia" -a startlingly original and haunting novel that creates an imaginary world that is completely convincing, from the first sentence to the last four words. No one can deny the novel's hold on the imaginations of whole generations, or the power of its admonitions -a power that seems to grow, not lessen, with the passage of time. 5. The Scarlet Letter A Romance is an 1850 work of fiction in a historical setting, written by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne. The book is considered to be his "masterwork". 6. of mice and men A controversial tale of friendship and tragedy during the Great Depression They are an unlikely pair: George is "small and quick and dark of face"; Lennie, a man of tremendous size, has the mind of a young child. Yet they have formed a "family," clinging together in the face of loneliness and alienation. 7. the catcher in the rye J.D. Salinger's classic novel of teenage angst and rebellion was first published in 1951. The novel was included on Time's 2005 list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923. It was named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. 8. animal farm Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945. According to Orwell, the book reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union. 9. romeo and juliet
One of Shakespeare’s most iconic plays, Romeo and Juliet is the tale of young love gone horribly wrong, as a combination of the lovers' warring families, outside events and their own rashness conspire to wreak tragedy on Juliet and her Romeo. 10. tethering heights 11. hamlet Undoubtedly the most famous of all of Shakespeare's plays, Hamlet remains one of the most enduring but also enigmatic pieces of western literature. The story of Hamlet, the young Prince of Denmark, his tortured relationship with his mother, and his quest to avenge his father's murder at the hand of his brother Claudius has fascinated writers and audiences ever since it was written around 1600. 12. the odyssey 13. the crucible 14. brave new world 15. the adventures of huckleberry finn 16. macbeth 17. heart of darkness 18. fahrenheit 19. the diary of a young girl 20. catch-22 21. the grapes of wrath 22. great expectations 23. frankenstein 24. jane eyre 25. the iliad 26. the old man and the sea 27. beowulf 28. pride and prejudice 29. julius caesar 30. a midsummer night’s dream 31. the canterbury tales 32. a separate peace 33. crime and punishment 34. a tale of two cities 35. death of a salesman 36. the colour purple 37. night 38. one flew over the cuckoo’s nest 39. the adventures of tom sawyer 40. cry, the beloved country 41. uncle tom’s cabin 42. ethan frome 43. the picture of dorian gray 44. othello 45. the count of monte crisp 46. the whale (moby-dick) 47. the red badge of courage 48. the metamorphosis 49. siddhartha 50. the stranger
